Petrol, a flammable colourless liquid, is a mixture of light hydrocarbons. Petrol is the world's most consumed commodity, with Americans spending nearly a billion dollars on it every day. Even coffee and alcohol yield to the palm of the top of this combustible fluid. Where's the gas coming from?
Where's the gas coming from?
The gas is produced by a process called a "distillation of oil": first, the natural raw material is very hot, and then the evaporating particles are sampled easily. The petrol marshes determine the boiling point of oil. Thus, from the particles evaporated at temperatures up to 100 ° C, gasoline I have been produced, up to 110 ° C-gasoline special, up to 130 C-petrol II varieties. Gas gasoline is produced from the associated gas, which is released during the race. They also distinguish between motor vehicles, aviation, gasoline-solvents and naphtha (petrol for petrochemicals).
There are gasoline varieties called "Arctic". In winter classes, there is a higher boiling point of carbon and a large number of readily evaporating fractions, so the fuel does not freeze at extremely low temperatures, and the car is easily turned off. History of creation
History of creation
The Englishman Michael Faraday is considered the first to receive gasoline. In 1825, he synthesized a rapidly inflammable carbon compound with hydrogen. The oil that Faraday was working with was shipped from Asia Minor, so the learned fluid called the Arabic word "gasoline", meaning "a good substance". Nevertheless, in Russia, another 80 years before the official opening of a flammable substance in the Ossetian city of Mozdok, a small oil distillation plant built by the Dubinese brothers was working on the Terek River.
For the gasoline synthesis, a simple machine was used: a huge boiler oil-pipe passed through a barrel of cold water and was allowed to the empty barrel-a received product. Kothel was placed in a huge oven, which maintained a constant high temperature-it ensured the continuous operation of the plant.
In 1891, Russian engineer Shukhov managed to significantly increase the efficiency of the oil refining. He invented a cracking cracker. cracking-splitting) is a process in which the carbon in the oil composition falls into the molecules of the volatile matter. Today, with the help of cracking from heavy oil fractions, gasoline has been extracted.
When Carl Benz created the first petrol engine of internal combustion in 1885, it was the beginning of the petrol boom. In the near future, complex vehicles and devices for the re-race, storage, transportation of petrol were introduced, and enterprising men switched to construction of oil refineries and filling stations.
Gasoline mix. The Octane number. Gasoline stamps
The quality of motor gasoline is determined by the following indicators:
-Detonation Resistance (octane number);
-Evaporation and dilution;
-vaporization and propensity to sediments;
Toxicity;
-Corrosive activity;
-neutrality in relation to the environment
When the engine is in the engine, there is a metallic ring produced by the shock that is repeatedly generated by the cylinder wall
These figures are primarily affected by the factional composition, which is determined by the beginning and end of the oil distillate. The qualitative composition of petrol depends on the peculiarities of the construction of hydrocarbons and impurities: sulphur, soluble resins, metal particles, oxygen-containing compounds. In order to avoid contamination of parts of the engine and other parts of the fuel system, detergent additives shall be added to the petrol.
Detonation resistance is the resistance of petrol to self-ignition at compression, explosion hazard. When the engine is produced in the engine, there is a metallic ring produced by the shock waves that are multiplied by the cylinder wall. Detonation reduces engine power, increases wear. Detonation resistance of petrol defines the octane number. It shows in comparison the detonation properties of isoktane, petrol and heptane. Detonation resistance of isoktan is taken for 100 units (it is not flammable), heptane -za 0. So he detonates like a mixture of 90% iso-octane and 10% heptane.
The octane number of the petrol is determined by the variable compression ratio in a special single-cylinder installation. At a intake air temperature of 52 ° C and a rotational speed of 600 rpm, the research octane number (CHR) is calculated and at 149 ° C and 900,000 rpm, the motor octane number (RON). The road octane number (DHL) is obtained during the test of petrol in real conditions driving by car. There are currently many portable instruments for the measurement of the octane number. The small size and the high accuracy of such instruments enable control of the quality of the products at the point of consumption.
In addition, most modern engines have detonation sensors which calculate the octane number of petrol in real time (because of the evaporation of some volatile impurities and the octane number may change).
The octane number does not appear to be reflected in the colour of the gasoline, so to distinguish each other from each other, safe pigments are added to petrol, for example, in AI-80-yellow, in AI-92-orange-red, in AI-98-blue
Single-time oil distillation does not allow to get a high octane number-as a rule, it does not exceed 70-80 units. In order to increase the octane number, the gasoline adds high-octane components (methyl and ethyl alcohol) and antidetonators in small quantities (up to 0.3%). To date, petrol producers have completely abandoned the addition of a highly hazardous human health toxic antidetonator-tetraethyl lead (tetraethyl lead)-in favor of methyltritbutyl ether. Gasoline domestic brands, however, do not meet the world standards for lead content.
No more than 80 units of petrol (A-72, AI-80) are suitable for vehicles with low compression ignition engines. For modern motor vehicles with a high compression ratio, the petrol type with octane number is not less than 90-it is AI-92, AI-95 and AI-98. The octane number is not reflected in the colour of the petrol, so to distinguish the stamps from each other, safe pigments are added to petrol, for example, in AI-80-yellow, in AI-92-orange-red, in AI-98-blue.
Since 1992, the European Commission has approved an environmental standard that regulates the content of harmful substances in vehicle exhaust. The standard is updated every 3-5 years. Petrol is marked in accordance with the year of approval of the standard-Euro-1 (1992), Euro-2 (1996), Euro-3 (2000), Euro-4 (2005), Euro-5 (2008). On January 1, 2013, Russia's Euro-2 gasoline ban came into force in Russia-its composition no longer meets modern environmental requirements.
Some Russian oil companies have started producing improved gasoline in their own production under the brand "Ewho", "G-Drive" and "Ultimate". Fuel "Gas" and "G-Drive" are fully in line with Euro 3 standards, and "Ultimate"-Euro4. The sellers are assured that after the use of the petrol, these marks will increase the power and durability of the engine, and the fuel savings will be up to 20 km from the full tank. A liter of gasoline is worth one and a half-two rubles more expensive than usual. This is the "new generation fuel", which is mainly positive.
