Electric motors are used as "green" vehicles: electric vehicles, hybrids and fuel-cell vehicles. However, even in the simplest gasoline family sedan, dozens of low-powered electric motors can be found. History of electric motors in a car design
History of electric motors in a car design
The general idea of electric transport appeared after M in 1831. Faraday was exposed to the law of the electromagnetic induction. The first engine, the principle of which was based on this law, was developed in 1834 by Boris Jacobi-Russian physicist and inventor.
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The first cars with electric motors as a power plant appeared in the 1880s. The popularity of electric vehicles at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries is explained by simple-all the characteristics of the internal combustion engines of those years gave way to electric motors. In the future, with the increase in the capacity of the petrol and diesel engines, the electric motors have been forgotten for a long time. The new wave of interest in electric motors is in the era of the Great Oil Crisis of the 1970s, but none of the samples presented at that time went to mass production.
The real renaissance for hybrids and electric vehicles is the first decade of the 21st century. On the one hand, thanks to the development of electronics and computer technologies, it became possible to control and conserve battery charge, on the other hand, oil price prices have gradually pushed consumers to find alternative energy sources.
List of electric motors
The most commonly used appliances and the car design are the so-called magneto-electric motors, which are divided according to the type of energy consumed by two groups-permanent and alternating current.
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There are also universal engines, which can work both from constant and variable voltage. There is another important category of engine classification: a brush-collecting unit design. Depending on its presence or absence, the engines are divided into collection and collectors. The car mainly uses collecting engines (one of them rotates in the opposite direction and plays the role of generator), but in some cases other types of electric motors may be installed. The most commonly used in household appliances and in the construction of a car are the so-called magneto-electric engines, which are divided into two large groups-the DC motors and alternating current engines
AC engines
The alternating current engines are synchronous and asynchronous, and are divided into groups by the number of wrops: single phase, two-phase and three-phase. The most common use for domestic purposes is the asynchronous electric motor of alternators. In modern cars, it is also increasingly possible to face the use of so-called stepping motors. The shaft of these electric motors shall not be continuously rotated. In fact, you can turn a corner into a corner. This property of stepping motors has proved to be very useful in the construction of various additional devices, which are becoming more and more modern in modern cars. For example, a step engine is driven by climate control. Their application is convenient in terms of keeping sonic comfort in the salon: the step electric motor is only turned on for a short time and does not rotate all the time.
Traction motor
Traction electric motors used in electric vehicles, boats, trams and subway trains are not very different from other electric motors. Moreover, engines of different types may be used as traction motor. The case is the special requirements for the electric motor intended to replace the internal combustion engine. The main characteristics of the traction motor are torque and speed. In addition to these properties, traction motor is assessed against a number of specific properties: the so-called loading capacity, which is necessary for a high launch acceleration; low level of heat, and so on.
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Initially, the design of electric vehicles used one traction motor with a gear motor connected to the transmission mechanism, but in modern designs the principle of "motor-wheel" (Active Wheel) is increasingly applied. This machine is installed for example, in the sports car Volage. The essence of the concept is to separate each wheel with an individual electric motor under the direction of the general control computer program. The advantage of it is the ability to get rid of the complex transmission in which part of the power plant's energy is known to be lost. In addition to the transmission, the engine-wheel system eliminates separate ABS, ESP and even hydraulic braking systems, as electric motors take over their functions.
Advantages and disadvantages of electric motors
Electric motors are compactness and a small mass. The advantages include ease of operation, absence of harmful emissions at work, durability, low noise level. A certain drawback can be seen only in increasing the load on the vehicle's car network as the number of electric motors increases.
Problem determination and resolution
The electric power train is often hampered by circumstances that are not connected directly to the electric motor. For example, if an electrical power hatch is not closed, you should start looking for a reason for visual inspection of the rails that might be contaminated and only then conclude that the electric motor fails.
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The cause of the motor failure could be a short circuit. The electric motor's capacity can be verified by connecting it directly to the battery by using two wires. If after the wiring of the electric motor was made, the reason for the lack of contact in the breach of the established transaction occurred.